Hyperparathyroidism

IntroductionPrimary hyperparathyroidism is a disease of the parathyroid glands, also called parathyroid-the parathyroid. "Primary" means that the disease originated in the parathyroid-the parathyroid: One or more parathyroid glands are enlarged and too active to excrete too much parathyroid hormone or parathyroid hormone (PTH). In the secondary hyperparathyroidism, causing problems such as kidney failure, parathyroid parathyroid become overactive. This publication focuses on primary hyperparathyroidism.Definition of parathyroid glandsParathyroid glands are four pea-sized glands located on the pods that the thyroid gland in the neck. Occasionally, someone born with one or more parathyroid glands attached to the thyroid, the thymus, or located elsewhere around this area. In most cases of this kind, however, the glands function normally.Meskipu meraka names are similar, the thyroid glands and parathyroid glands are entirely different, each producing distinct hormones with specific functions. Parathyroid glands is to excrete PTH, a compound that helps maintain the correct balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body. PTH regulate calcium levels in the blood, Kalsum release from bone, absorption of calcium in the intestine, and excretion of calcium in the urine.When the level of calcium in the blood falls too low, the parathyroid glands to excrete just enough PTH to restore the blood calcium level.Hyperparathyroidism DefinitionIf the parathyroid glands excrete too much hormone, as occurs in primary hyperparathyroidism, the balance disrupted: blood calcium rises. Conditions of excess calcium in the blood, also called hypercalcemia, is what usually signals the doctor that something may be wrong with the parathyroid glands. In 85 percent of those with primary hyperparathyroidism, benign tumor called an adenoma has been formed on one of the parathyroid glands, causing it to become overactive. Benign tumors are not cancerous. In most other cases, the excess hormone comes from two or more parathyroid glands are enlarged, a condition called hyperplasia. Very rarely, hyperparathyroidism is caused by cancer of the parathyroid glands.This excess PTH triggers the release of too much calcium into the bloodstream. The bones may lose calcium, and too much calcium may be absorbed from food. Calcium levels may be elevated in the urine, causing stones gnjal. PTH also lowers blood phosphorus levels by reducing the excretion of phosphorus in the urine.Causes of HyperparathyroidismIn most cases doctors do not know the cause. The vast majority of cases occur in people with no family history of disease. Only about 5 percent of the cases can be linked to the issue of inherited / ditrunkan. Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is a rare, inherited syndrome that affects the parathyroid, pancreas and parathyroid and pituitary glands. Another rare genetic disease, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, is sometimes confused with typical hyperparathyroidism. Each with responsibility for approximately 2 percent of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism.Symptoms of HyperparathyroidismA person with hyperparathyroidism may have severe symptoms, subtle, or completely absent. Routine blood tests that increase the filter wide range of conditions, including levels of calcium are high, alerting doctors to people who have mild forms of the disease even though they are free of symptoms.When symptoms appear so, they are often mild and nonspecific, such as feeling weak and tired, depression, or aches and pains. With more severe disease, a person may have loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, or thoughts and impaired memory, and increased thirst and urination. Patients may have thinning of the bones without symptoms, but with the risk of bone fractures. Excretion of calcium and phosphorus increased in the urine may cause kidney stones.Diagnose HyperparathyroidismHyperparathyroidism is diagnosed when tests show that blood levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone are too high. Other diseases can cause blood calcium levels are high, but only in hyperparathyroidism calcium rise is a result of too much parathyroid hormone. Blood tests to measure accurately the amount of parathyroid hormone has simplified the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism.Once the diagnosis is established, possibly, other tests performed to assess complications. Because PTH levels that high can cause bones to weaken from calcium loss, measurements of bone density can help to assess bone loss and fracture risk. Images of the abdomen may reveal the presence of kidney stones and 24-hour urine collection may provide information of kidney damage, the risk of kidney formation, and the risk of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia.Caring for HyperparathyroidismSurgery to remove the gland or enlarged glands are the primary treatment for the disease and cure in 95 percent of operations.Calcimimetics is a new group of drugs that quell the secretion of PTH. They have been approved if the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for treatment of hyperparathyroidism secondary to renal failure with dialysis, and primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid cancer. They have not been approved for primary hyperparathyroidism, but some doctors have started prescribing calcimimetics for some patients with this condition. Patients can discuss this in more detail a group of drugs with their doctors.Some patients who have mild disease may not require immediate treatment, according to the panels collected by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2002. Patients free of symptoms, the blood calcium rose only slightly, and the kidneys and normal bones might want to talk to their doctors about the long-term observation. On the recommendation of 2002, will consist of periodic observation of clinical evaluation, measurement of serum levels of calcium, and bone mass measurements. If the patient and doctor choose long-term follow-up, patients should try to drink lots of water, get plenty of exercise, and avoiding diuretics tetentu, such as thiazides. Immobilization (inability to move) and gastrointestinal disease with vomiting ataudiare can cause calcium levels to rise. Patients with hyperparathyroidism should seek medical attention if they find themselves unable to move, vomiting, or have diarrhea.